Coordination and Response

Sensory receptors

The brain

Effectors

Skin cells

The post-synaptic neurone

The pre-synaptic neurone

The relay neurone only

The sensory neurone only

Cornea -> Pupil -> Lens -> Retina

Lens -> Pupil -> Cornea -> Retina

Retina -> Lens -> Pupil -> Cornea

Pupil -> Cornea -> Lens -> Retina

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Circular and radial muscles

Ligamentous muscle

Brain and spinal cord

Brain and peripheral nerves

Spinal cord and sensory receptors

Cerebrum and optic nerve

Vitreous humour

Aqueous humour

Cerebrospinal fluid

Synovial fluid

The dendrites

The cell body

The axon

The receptor

The muscle releases neurotransmitters into the neurone.

The electrical impulse enters the muscle fiber directly.

Neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane.

The motor neurone cell body contracts to pull the muscle.

The electrical impulses in the neurone become larger (higher voltage).

The frequency of impulses sent along the sensory neurone increases.

The neurone uses different types of neurotransmitters for different temperatures.

The impulse travels faster along the neurone for a hotter stimulus.

They would be unable to see any colors.

They would be completely blind in bright daylight.

They would have very poor vision in dim light (night blindness).

They would be unable to focus on near objects.

The Cornea

The Lens

The Retina

The Iris

Short and fat

Long and thin

Spherical

Concave

Acuity

Refraction

Reflection

Accommodation

Cornea

Choroid

Lens

Aqueous humor

Pressure

Temperature

Light

Chemicals

Vitreous humor

Aqueous humor

Tears

Choroid pigment

At the fovea centralis

Distributed evenly across the entire eye

At the periphery (edges) of the retina

Only on the blind spot

It occurs faster than the person can consciously think about it.

It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and occurs even in an unconscious patient.

It involves the brain as a coordinator rather than the spinal cord.

It uses the same muscles that are used for blinking.

The person would be unable to focus on distant objects because the lens cannot flatten.

The person would be unable to focus on near objects because the lens cannot bulge.

The person would lose color vision because the lens would block certain wavelengths.

The person's blind spot would increase in size as the retina thins.

Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax.

Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract.

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken.

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten.

Gland $\rightarrow$ Nerve $\rightarrow$ Muscle

Gland $\rightarrow$ Blood $\rightarrow$ Target Organ

Brain $\rightarrow$ Duct $\rightarrow$ Organ

Target Organ $\rightarrow$ Blood $\rightarrow$ Gland

Testosterone

Estrogen

Adrenaline

Glucagon

To pump blood to the organs

To provide structural support

To coordinate and regulate body functions using chemicals

To protect the body from pathogens

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

Insulin

The liver produces glycogen only when glucagon is present

The liver acts as a storage site where hormones can trigger glycogen-glucose conversion

Glycogen is a hormone that tells the liver to store glucose

Hormones like adrenaline have no effect on the liver's glycogen stores

Insulin

Testosterone

Estrogen

Adrenaline

The iris contracts to make the pupil smaller

The radial muscles of the iris contract to dilate the pupil

The lens becomes thicker to focus on near objects

The tear glands produce more liquid

The pancreas is the effector that stores glucose, while the liver is the receptor.

The liver secretes hormones that tell the pancreas how much glucose to release.

The pancreas detects glucose levels and secretes hormones; the liver responds by adjusting glucose storage.

The pancreas and liver are the same organ in the human endocrine system.

Nervous system: chemical; Endocrine system: electrical.

Nervous system: electrical impulses and neurotransmitters; Endocrine system: hormones in blood.

Nervous system: slow; Endocrine system: fast.

Nervous system: long-lasting; Endocrine system: short-lived.

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the gut.

An electrical signal that travels along a neuron to an effector.

A chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.

A nutrient required in small amounts to maintain healthy growth and metabolism.

Glucose is a large storage molecule made of glycogen

Glycogen is a large storage molecule made of glucose

They are the same molecule with different names

They are both hormones secreted by the pancreas

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Salivary gland

Pituitary gland

$25^{\circ}C$

$32^{\circ}C$

$37^{\circ}C$

$42^{\circ}C$

It makes a change in the environment even larger

It reduces or reverses a change to maintain stability

It only happens when the body is resting

It is a process that occurs only in the brain

Vessel A is dilated and vessel B is constricted

Vessel A is constricted and vessel B is constricted

Vessel A is constricted and vessel B is dilated

Vessel A is dilated and vessel B is dilated

High concentration of glucose in the urine

Extremely low blood pressure

Excessive shivering in warm rooms

Inability to produce sweat

The liver starts breaking down glycogen immediately

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood

The pancreas stops producing insulin during digestion

Muscle cells release glucose into the blood for energy

It is a steroid hormone that passes through cell membranes easily.

It is transported by the blood and changes the permeability of the kidney tubule walls to water.

It is produced by the kidneys when they detect low blood pressure.

It causes the bladder to contract and release urine.

More heat is lost through the skin surface.

Blood flow is restricted to the surface capillaries, reducing heat loss by radiation.

The skin becomes red and warm to the touch.

The body's core temperature begins to drop rapidly.

The response has a harmful effect on the body.

The response reduces or counteracts the initial stimulus that moved the variable away from the set-point.

The response is slower than the stimulus.

The response only occurs when the variable moves in a 'negative' or downward direction.

It grows straight sideways

It grows downwards due to gravity

It grows upwards due to negative gravitropism

It dies immediately

Positive phototropism

Positive hydrotropism

Negative gravitropism

Negative hydrotropism

The root hairs

The root tip

The xylem

The epidermis

A response to light

A response to gravity

A response to water

A response to chemicals

Auxin remains at the tip only

Auxin is transported to the upper side by active transport

Auxin accumulates on the lower side due to gravity

Auxin is evenly distributed throughout the plant

A growth response away from light

A growth response towards light

Movement of a plant in response to temperature

The opening of flowers in the morning

Enzymes

Pheromones

Plant hormones

Neurotransmitters

The shoot will bend toward the light because the tip is the site of perception.

The shoot will not bend because the zone of elongation cannot perceive the light.

The shoot will bend away from the light because the opaque sleeve traps auxin.

The shoot will grow straight up because the sleeve prevents cell elongation.

The coleoptile would stop growing because auxin cannot reach the zone of elongation.

The coleoptile would grow faster because auxin would accumulate in the tip.

The coleoptile would still show phototropism because auxin can travel through the air.

The coleoptile would bend away from the light due to the accumulation of waste products.

Statoliths physically press against the endoplasmic reticulum, triggering the redistribution of PIN proteins.

Statoliths contain high concentrations of auxin that are released when they hit the bottom of the cell.

Statoliths are magnetic and pull auxin molecules toward the lower side of the cell.

Statoliths block the movement of auxin toward the upper side of the root.