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Diversity of Living Organisms - Kingdom Monera, Protista, and Fungi

Grade 11ICSEBiology

Review the key concepts, formulae, and examples before starting your quiz.

🔑Concepts

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Kingdom Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes lacking a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; they possess 70S70S ribosomes and a cell wall primarily composed of peptidoglycan (murein).

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Nutrition in Monera ranges from photoautotrophic (using sunlight and compounds like H2SH_2S) to chemoautotrophic and heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic).

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Kingdom Protista includes all unicellular eukaryotes, acting as a link between Monera and multicellular kingdoms; they contain 80S80S ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Major groups of Protista include Chrysophytes (Diatoms with silica walls), Dinoflagellates (often causing 'red tides' via C26H41N7O19C_{26}H_{41}N_7O_{19} or Saxitoxin), Euglenoids, Slime moulds, and Protozoans.

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Kingdom Fungi are achlorophyllous, heterotrophic eukaryotes with a cell wall made of Chitin (a polymer of NN-acetylglucosamine).

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Fungi exhibit a unique life cycle involving three stages: Plasmogamy (fusion of protoplasm), Karyogamy (fusion of two nuclei), and Meiosis in the zygote to produce haploid spores.

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Fungi are classified into four classes based on mycelium morphology and spore formation: Phycomycetes (coenocytic hyphae), Ascomycetes (sac fungi), Basidiomycetes (club fungi), and Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti).

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Symbiotic associations are common, such as Lichens (Algae + Fungi) and Mycorrhizae (Fungi + roots of higher plants), facilitating the uptake of phosphorus (PP) and other minerals.

📐Formulae

Nn=N0×2nN_n = N_0 \times 2^n

n=log⁡Nn−log⁡N0log⁡2n = \frac{\log N_n - \log N_0}{\log 2}

g=tng = \frac{t}{n}

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+Energy(ATP)C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Energy (ATP)

💡Examples

Problem 1:

A bacterial culture starts with N0=100N_0 = 100 cells. If the bacteria divide every 2020 minutes, calculate the total number of bacteria (NnN_n) after 22 hours.

Solution:

Total time t=120t = 120 minutes. Generation time g=20g = 20 minutes. Number of generations n=12020=6n = \frac{120}{20} = 6. Using the formula Nn=N0×2nN_n = N_0 \times 2^n: Nn=100×26=100×64=6400N_n = 100 \times 2^6 = 100 \times 64 = 6400.

Explanation:

The population of bacteria increases exponentially according to the geometric progression formula where nn is the number of divisions.

Problem 2:

Differentiate between the cell wall composition of Monera and Fungi using chemical notation.

Solution:

Monera (Eubacteria) cell walls contain Peptidoglycan, while Fungi cell walls consist of Chitin, which is a long-chain polymer of (C8H13O5N)n(C_8H_{13}O_5N)_n.

Explanation:

While both provide structural support, the chemical building blocks differ; Monera use amino acids and sugars, whereas Fungi use a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide.