Molecular Biology

A single reaction that produces water

A series of linked chemical reactions

The movement of blood through the heart

The process of breathing

Free fatty acids

Nucleotides

Amino acids

Monosaccharides

Peptide bond

Phosphodiester bond

Glycosidic bond

Hydrogen bond

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Glucose

Fructose

One

Two

Three

Four

They are composed of long chains of fatty acids

They are characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings

They are highly soluble in water due to their polar nature

They are primarily used for quick energy release in the brain

To increase the temperature of the cell so the reaction occurs faster

To act as a reactant that is consumed during the process

To lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed

To change the final equilibrium of the reaction

Every individual within a species has an identical proteome.

The proteome is smaller than the genome because many genes do not code for proteins.

The proteome is unique to each individual and varies depending on the cell's activity and environment.

The proteome refers only to the set of enzymes produced by the liver.

Glycolysis

The Krebs Cycle

The translation of mRNA into a polypeptide

The condensation of glucose into glycogen

In the water molecules produced during condensation

In the glycosidic bonds linking the glucose units

In the atmosphere as $CO_{2}$

Remaining at the carbon-6 position of the glucose units

Ethane

Methane

Glucose

Ammonia

Triple covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Ionic bond

Double covalent bond

Its high boiling point

Its solvent properties

Its transparency

Its lack of color

It has two atoms of the same element

It has two distinct regions of opposite charge

It has two covalent bonds

It can exist in two different states of matter

It is insoluble and requires a lipoprotein

It is highly soluble because it has many polar hydroxyl groups

It only dissolves if the water is boiling

It is hydrophobic and stays in the lipid layer

Methane has more internal energy than water

The difference is due to the presence of hydrogen bonds in water

Water molecules are smaller and therefore harder to boil

Methane is a polar molecule with a very low boiling point

$2.26\, J/g/^{\circ}C$

$4.18\, J/g/^{\circ}C$

$100\, J/g/^{\circ}C$

$0.5\, J/g/^{\circ}C$

Water’s specific heat capacity is lower than air’s, requiring the seal to conserve heat; meanwhile, water’s lower viscosity allows the loon to move more easily than in air.

Water’s thermal conductivity is much higher than air’s, necessitating insulation for the seal; however, water’s higher density compared to air supports the loon’s body mass.

Air’s higher thermal conductivity allows the seal to remain warm on ice; whereas water’s lower density compared to air makes floating easier for the loon.

Water’s higher viscosity compared to air provides a cooling effect for the seal; while its lower buoyancy requires the loon to use more energy to stay afloat.

Because it has a high specific heat capacity, it stays cold for a long time.

Because it has a high latent heat of vaporization, it removes a lot of heat when it evaporates.

Because it is cohesive, it spreads easily over the skin.

Because it is a good solvent, it dissolves salts on the skin surface.

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Polar covalent bonds

Non-polar covalent bonds

Condensation

Hydrolysis

Dehydration

Polymerization

Cellulose

Glucose

Ribose

Amylopectin

Saturated fat

Unsaturated fat

Trans fat

Glycogen

The fatty acid tails

The phosphate head

The entire molecule

None of the molecule

Molecule Z is sucrose; the reaction is a condensation reaction.

Molecule Z is maltose; the reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.

Molecule Z is lactose; the reaction is a condensation reaction.

Molecule Z is lactose; the reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.

$cm^2$

$m^2$

$inches^2$

$ft^2$

A linear, unbranched chain of $alpha$-glucose forming a helix

A branched chain of $beta$-glucose forming a flat sheet

A linear chain of $beta$-glucose with cross-links

A highly branched chain of $alpha$-glucose used for structure

It is a saturated fatty acid found in animal fats.

It is a trans-unsaturated fatty acid created by industrial hydrogenation.

It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with cis-double bonds.

It is a carbohydrate with many hydroxyl groups.

To break the three ester bonds between the glycerol and the fatty acids.

To neutralize the acidic nature of the three fatty acids.

To provide the hydrogen needed to turn the glycerol into a glucose molecule.

To facilitate the movement of the fat into the mitochondria.

Fructose

Galactose

Ribose

Sucrose

It is the most complex amino acid

It is the simplest amino acid

It cannot form peptide bonds

It is only found in plants

Fibrin

Hemoglobin

Albumin

Amylase

It is always reversible

It usually results in the loss of biological activity

It strengthens the protein's bonds

It only happens to fibrous proteins

4

16

20

64

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Polar

Negatively charged

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

A strong covalent bond between the nitrogen and carbon of two amino acids.

A weak hydrogen bond between the oxygen and hydrogen of two amino acids.

An ionic attraction between the amine group and the carboxyl group.

A disulfide bridge between two cysteine residues.

The protein's quaternary structure may be altered, as seen in sickle cell hemoglobin.

The protein's secondary structure is always unaffected.

The protein will automatically become a fibrous protein.

The peptide bonds will become ionic bonds.

4

20

64

Infinite

Hydrogen bonds between $R$-groups.

Hydrophobic interactions between non-polar side chains.

Peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids.

Ionic bonds (salt bridges) between charged side chains.

Because it binds to the allosteric site

Because high substrate concentrations outcompete the inhibitor for the active site

Because it speeds up the enzyme's movement

Because it eventually turns into a substrate

To produce as much product as possible quickly

To regulate and prevent the overproduction of a substance

To use up all available enzymes

To increase the temperature of the cell

Lipase

Protease

Nuclease

Cellulase

The sequence is random and has no effect

The sequence determines the folding, which creates the active site shape

The sequence is only important for determining the color of the enzyme

The sequence changes every time a reaction occurs

Pathway 1 is a metabolic cycle because the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next.

Pathway 2 is a linear chain because it involves the conversion of Reactant W into Substance Z.

Pathway 1 is a linear chain with a distinct end-product, while Pathway 2 is a cycle that regenerates a starting intermediate.

Both pathways are considered cycles because they both require a sequence of multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps.

The presence of a phospholipid bilayer.

The presence of specific R-groups (side chains) within the active site.

A long, linear chain of amino acids with no folding.

A high concentration of sulfur atoms in the primary structure.

It blocks the active site directly so the substrate cannot enter.

It changes the shape of the active site by binding to a different part of the enzyme.

It permanently glues the substrate into the active site.

It increases the affinity of the active site for the substrate.

The equilibrium shifts toward the T-state, and the enzyme reaches half-maximal velocity ($K_{0.5}$) at a higher substrate concentration.

The equilibrium shifts toward the R-state, and the enzyme reaches half-maximal velocity ($K_{0.5}$) at a lower substrate concentration.

The equilibrium shifts toward the R-state, leading to a significant reduction in the $V_{max}$ of the reaction.

The equilibrium shifts toward the T-state, which increases the affinity of the active site for the substrate.

The substrate molecules are moving too fast to be caught.

The water in the cell evaporates, preventing the reaction.

The thermal energy is high enough to break the weak bonds that maintain the enzyme's tertiary structure.

The enzyme's primary structure is hydrolyzed into individual amino acids.

They allow the product of one reaction to be passed directly to the next enzyme without diffusing away.

They allow one enzyme to catalyze five different types of reactions simultaneously.

They reduce the amount of DNA needed to code for the enzymes.

They increase the temperature of the local environment to speed up reactions.

It pairs with Guanine in DNA

It replaces Thymine during RNA synthesis

It acts as the sugar in the RNA backbone

It is a purine found in both DNA and RNA

The strands are held together by covalent bonds between bases

The two strands are identical in sequence

The two strands are complementary to each other

The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside of the helix

Amino acids

Nucleotides

Monosaccharides

Fatty acids

Two nitrogenous bases

Two phosphate groups

A sugar and a phosphate group

A sugar and a nitrogenous base

6

7

8

9

It did not account for the $1:1$ ratio of purines to pyrimidines

It could not explain how the strands were held together

The phosphate groups would repel each other due to their negative charges

All of the above

The sugar-phosphate backbone

The specific sequence of nitrogenous bases

The helical shape of the molecule

The presence of phosphodiester bonds

It is located on the inside of the helix to protect the genetic code.

It consists of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups linked by phosphodiester bonds.

It is held together by hydrogen bonds between sugars.

It is composed of ribose sugars and nitrogenous bases.

4

8

9

16

C and G form three hydrogen bonds, which are cumulatively stronger than the two bonds in A and T.

C and G are larger molecules and have more van der Waals forces.

C and G are more hydrophobic than A and T.

The phosphodiester bonds between C and G are stronger.

DNA

RNA

Protein

Amino acid

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Replication

Origin of replication

Promoter

Codon

Anticodon

A-G and T-C

A-U and G-C

A-T and G-C

A-C and T-G

End 1 is the $5'$ end; ribosomes move from End 1 toward End 2.

End 1 is the $5'$ end; ribosomes move from End 2 toward End 1.

End 2 is the $5'$ end; ribosomes move from End 2 toward End 1.

End 2 is the $5'$ end; ribosomes move from End 1 toward End 2.

The $5'$ end phosphate group.

The anticodon and the $3'$ attachment site.

The hydrogen bonds between its loops.

The sugar-phosphate backbone.

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi.

The release of two phosphate groups from a deoxynucleoside triphosphate.

The movement of helicase along the DNA.

The heat used during the PCR cycle.

Sulfur is a key component of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA.

Sulfur is found in certain amino acids like methionine and cysteine but not in DNA.

Sulfur forms the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

Sulfur is necessary for the activation of DNA polymerase.

The A (Aminoacyl) site

The P (Peptidyl) site

The E (Exit) site

The S (Start) site

One daughter molecule is entirely new DNA, and the other is entirely original DNA.

Each daughter molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Both daughter molecules are a patchwork of old and new DNA segments.

The original DNA molecule is destroyed after replication is complete.

It contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle

It is where glycolysis occurs

It is a fluid-filled space between the two membranes

It is where all the oxygen is produced

ATP synthase

DNA polymerase

Amylase

Lipase

1

2

3

4

The availability of glucose

The size of the cell

The presence or absence of oxygen

The concentration of $CO_{2}$

Glucose

Acetyl group

Pyruvate

Oxaloacetate

Hydrolysis of $ATP$

Energy released by the flow of electrons through the $ETC$

Thermal energy from the cytoplasm

The breakdown of $CO_{2}$ molecules

Both produce $CO_{2}$ and $ATP$

Yeast produces ethanol and $CO_{2}$, while humans produce lactate

Both occur in the mitochondrial matrix

Yeast produces more $ATP$ per glucose than humans

Complex I

Complex II

Complex III

Complex IV

In the $CO_{2}$ produced during the Krebs cycle.

In the $H_{2}O$ produced at the end of the ETC.

In the $ATP$ produced during chemiosmosis.

In the glucose produced by the cell.

Isocitrate $\rightarrow$ $\alpha$-ketoglutarate

$\alpha$-ketoglutarate $\rightarrow$ Succinyl-CoA

Fumarate $\rightarrow$ Malate

Malate $\rightarrow$ Oxaloacetate

Green light has too much energy

Green light is mostly reflected or transmitted by chlorophyll

Green light is used only for respiration

Green light cannot penetrate the leaf cuticle

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Beta-carotene

Xanthophyll

Cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

Digestion of starch

Diffusion of oxygen

Glucose

Glycerate-3-phosphate (G3P)

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Triose phosphate (TP)

It has no direct role but provides the ATP and NADPH needed for the cycle

It is used to activate the enzyme Rubisco through direct absorption

It provides the energy needed to split the $CO_2$ molecule

It causes the regeneration of RuBP from triose phosphate directly

The double membrane allows for the separation of the Calvin cycle and light reactions

The stroma contains enzymes at high concentrations for the Calvin cycle

The thylakoids are stacked into grana to minimize the distance light travels

The DNA in the chloroplast codes for the enzymes of glycolysis

It is involved in the absorption of light energy

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC

It binds the carbon dioxide to the RuBP molecule

It provides the phosphate group for phosphorylation

The light-dependent reactions provide ATP and reduced NADP to the light-independent reactions.

The light-independent reactions provide the oxygen needed for the light-dependent reactions.

The light-dependent reactions occur in the stroma, and the light-independent reactions occur in the thylakoid.

The light-independent reactions produce the light needed for the light-dependent reactions.

Hydrolysis reactions

Decarboxylation reactions

Redox reactions

Condensation reactions

Water

Reduced Plastoquinone ($PQH_2$)

Reduced Plastocyanin ($PC$)

Reduced Ferredoxin ($Fd$)

Transcription

Translation

Replication

Splicing

Triplet

Anticodon

Intron

Exon

tRNA

rRNA

mRNA

DNA Polymerase

Meselson and Stahl

Watson and Crick

Hershey and Chase

Morgan and Mendel

It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

It is the site where the discharged tRNA leaves the ribosome

It receives the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

It is where the mRNA first binds to the small ribosomal subunit

DNA Polymerase III

DNA Ligase

RNA Primase

RNA Polymerase II

A single gene to code for multiple different proteins

The transcription of mRNA in the $3'$ to $5'$ direction

Multiple ribosomes to bind to the same mRNA

The conversion of RNA back into DNA

The two strands run in opposite directions, one $5'$ to $3'$ and the other $3'$ to $5'$.

The nitrogenous bases are arranged so that purines always pair with other purines.

The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside of the helix, and the bases are on the outside.

The DNA molecule can only be replicated in one direction at a single time.

It enhances the stability of the mRNA and facilitates its export from the nucleus.

It contains the start codon for the initiation of translation.

It allows the mRNA to be converted back into DNA for storage.

It serves as a binding site for the helicase enzyme during translation.

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, which triggers the release of the RNA transcript.

A release factor binds to the DNA template and physically blocks the polymerase.

The 5' cap of the mRNA binds to the promoter, causing the complex to stall.

The spliceosome removes the last intron, signaling the polymerase to stop.

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