Interaction and interdependence

Enzymes can only work in one specific organ

The active site only allows specific substrates to bind

Enzymes only work at a specific time of day

Substrates only bind to enzymes at $0^\circ C$

The molecules slow down

The enzyme's active site loses its functional shape

The substrate evaporates

The activation energy becomes too low

They always start and end with the same molecule

They are a straight line of reactions

They do not require enzymes

They only occur in plants

Glucose and galactose

Amino acids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleotides

By measuring the increase in pH over time

By measuring the decrease in pH over time as fatty acids are produced

By measuring the production of glucose

By measuring the production of oxygen

They must have opposite charges at the binding points

They must both be hydrophobic

They must be chemically compatible (e.g., matching polarities)

Chemical properties do not matter, only physical shape

They denature at $40^{\circ}C$

They have an optimum temperature much higher than $37^{\circ}C$

They do not have an active site

They do not require a substrate

The rate of production of Product 1 will increase due to a higher frequency of collisions between the intermediate and Enzyme $E_2$.

The rate of production of Product 1 will decrease because the excess intermediate will act as a competitive inhibitor for Enzyme $E_2$.

The rate of production of Product 1 will remain unchanged because Enzyme $E_2$ and Enzyme $E_3$ function independently.

The rate of production of Product 1 will increase because Product 2 will bind to the allosteric site of Enzyme $E_2$ and activate it.

It means the enzyme can only work in one specific organ of the body.

It means the enzyme can only catalyze one specific reaction or a group of similar reactions.

It means the enzyme only works at one specific temperature.

It means the enzyme is only made of one specific amino acid.

Enzymes are used up in the reactions they catalyze.

One enzyme can catalyze many different types of chemical reactions.

Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Enzymes only function at $37^\circ C$ and pH 7.

It remains at $-70\text{ mV}$

It drops to $-90\text{ mV}$

It rises toward $+40\text{ mV}$

It fluctuates randomly

Sodium can only move forward

The refractory period prevents the area behind it from depolarizing immediately

Myelin only exists on one side of the axon

The cell body actively pulls the electricity

The outside of the neuron is negative compared to the inside

The inside of the neuron is negative compared to the outside

There is no difference in charge

The charge is $+40\text{ mV}$

The action potential would travel faster

Neurotransmitters would not be released

The neuron would stay depolarized forever

The sodium-potassium pump would work faster

Sodium ions diffuse into the postsynaptic neuron, causing depolarization.

Calcium ions are actively transported into the postsynaptic neuron to trigger a response.

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase binds to the receptors to initiate a new impulse.

Potassium ions enter the presynaptic neuron to restore the resting potential.

A stimulus strong enough to inhibit a neuron

The maximum strength a stimulus can reach

A stimulus that is just strong enough to trigger an action potential

A stimulus that prevents the release of acetylcholine

Passive diffusion through open channels

The sodium-potassium pump moving $K^+$ into the cell

The sodium-potassium pump moving $K^+$ out of the cell

Binding of $K^+$ to proteins in the cytoplasm

Peak: $+30\text{ mV}$ caused by $K^{+}$ influx

Resting potential: $-70\text{ mV}$ maintained by passive diffusion only

Repolarization: falling phase caused by $K^{+}$ efflux

Threshold: $-55\text{ mV}$ caused by $Cl^{-}$ influx

Axon

Dendrites

Cell body (Soma)

Myelin sheath

Action potentials could not reach the axon terminal.

Neurotransmitters would be released continuously.

Neurotransmitters would not be released even if an action potential arrived.

The postsynaptic neuron would be permanently depolarized.

To produce more urea

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to muscles faster

To decrease the body temperature

To stop the production of carbon dioxide

Muscular system

Nervous system

Digestive system

Immune system

They have ducts to carry secretions

They release hormones directly into the blood

They only affect the organ next to them

They only produce enzymes

Different

Change

Same

Fast

The ability of an organism to change its environment to suit its needs.

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

The process of growing from an embryo to an adult.

The rapid response to a painful stimulus.

To produce heat by shivering.

To detect a deviation from the set point of $37^\circ C$.

To decide whether to sweat or shiver.

To carry blood to the skin surface.

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Medulla

Adrenaline is released directly into the blood and has receptors on the sinoatrial node.

The nervous system converts adrenaline into an electrical signal at the heart.

The liver stores adrenaline and releases it only when the heart rate is already high.

The lungs produce adrenaline to ensure it is immediately oxygenated before reaching the brain.

A motor neuron stimulates a muscle to contract, which pulls on a bone via a tendon.

A sensory neuron stimulates a bone to move, which then pulls on the muscle.

The spinal cord sends a signal to the tendon, which contracts to move the joint.

Ligaments receive nerve impulses to tighten or loosen, facilitating movement.

The endocrine system releases aldosterone to increase sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

The respiratory system removes excess sodium through the exhalation of water vapor.

The nervous system stimulates the breakdown of bones to release stored sodium.

The digestive system prevents the absorption of all salt when levels are high.

It was discovered by Florey and Chain

It was the first antibiotic used to treat human infections

It kills viruses by blocking their DNA

It is only effective against fungi

Fibrin forms a mesh

Platelets release clotting factors

Antibodies are produced

Phagocytes digest the wound

To produce their own antibiotics

To replicate their genetic material and proteins

To help the host cell grow faster

To produce fibrin for the host

It causes a stomach ache

It prevents oxygen from reaching heart muscle cells

It leads to the production of too many antibodies

It causes the skin to turn green

To serve as a control group to demonstrate that the bacterial infection was fatal without treatment

To investigate whether the mice would develop natural immunity after exposure to a lethal dose

To test if a higher concentration of bacteria would be required to cause symptoms in untreated mice

To determine the side effects of penicillin on healthy mice that were not infected with bacteria

They produce mucus to trap pathogens

They sweep mucus containing trapped pathogens out of the airways

They secrete antibodies into the lungs

They engulf bacteria that reach the alveoli

Antibiotics make viruses more toxic

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses and contribute to bacterial resistance

Antibiotics stimulate the virus to replicate faster

Antibiotics weaken the person's own immune system

They are the same thing.

An epitope is the specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody.

An antigen is a small part of a larger epitope.

Antigens are produced by the body, whereas epitopes are produced by the pathogen.

Because skin is solid and acid is a liquid.

Because the skin blocks entry through its structure, whereas the acid kills pathogens by denaturing their proteins and providing a hostile pH.

Because skin is made of cells and acid is made of atoms.

Because the skin can be washed but acid cannot.

Pathogens are dissolved by the acidity of the antibody molecule.

Pathogens are clumped together, making it easier for phagocytes to ingest them.

The DNA of the pathogen is extracted by the antibody.

Antibodies turn into a physical wall that blocks the pathogen's movement.

S-shape

J-shape

Straight horizontal line

Bell shape

A mushroom

A cyanobacterium

A vulture

An earthworm

To measure the amount of carbon in the soil

To estimate the population size of mobile animals

To calculate the energy efficiency of a food chain

To determine the pH of a lake

Photosynthesis

Combustion

Fossilization

Respiration

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

A group of populations of different species living and interacting in an area.

The abiotic factors that influence a specific population.

The total number of individuals of a single species in the world.

A random number generator

A Lincoln index

A transect line

A large net

Natality is significantly higher than mortality.

Mortality is significantly higher than natality.

Natality and mortality are approximately equal.

Both natality and mortality are zero.

Mutualism

Parasitism

Commensalism

Interspecific Competition

Lag Phase

Exponential Phase

Transition Phase

Plateau Phase

The parasitoid always benefits the host.

The parasitoid eventually kills the host as part of its life cycle.

The host and parasitoid both benefit (mutualism).

The parasitoid lives inside the host's cells without causing any damage.

By increasing the amount of methane

By reducing the amount of $CO_2$ in the atmosphere through photosynthesis

By producing $CO_2$ solely through combustion

By preventing nutrients from recycling

To provide heat for all animals to survive

To provide energy for producers to make organic compounds

To burn up waste products

To help decomposers break down leaves

Nitrogen

Methane

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen

An organism that hunts other animals

An organism that feeds on living plants

An organism that digests dead organic matter externally

An organism that makes its own food

1: Respiration; 2: Dissolution; 3: Ingestion

1: Fossilization; 2: Combustion; 3: Feeding

1: Methanogenesis; 2: Oxidation; 3: Photosynthesis

1: Methanogenesis; 2: Reduction; 3: Respiration

There is not enough space for that many animals.

The energy available at each level decreases until it can no longer support another level.

Nutrients are used up and cannot be recycled after the fourth level.

Top predators would become too large to move.

Nitrogen is lost as heat to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen is recycled between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem.

Nitrogen flows in one direction from producers to consumers and then disappears.

Plants create nitrogen atoms using energy from the sun.

Nutrients are destroyed by heat while light is reflected

Energy flows through an ecosystem and is lost as heat, while nutrients are recycled within it

Plants can produce their own nutrients if they have enough light

Decomposers can convert heat energy back into inorganic nutrients

Tropical rainforest

Arctic tundra

Arid desert

Temperate grassland

It is converted into $O_2$ and released during the night

It is reduced to form carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions

It is used to produce nitrate ions for protein synthesis

It is oxidized to provide energy for active transport in the roots