Continuity and change

Replication will proceed normally

Replication will not start

Replication will happen but with many errors

Only the lagging strand will form

The end with the nitrogenous base

The end with the free phosphate group on carbon 5

The end with the free hydroxyl group on carbon 3

The 5th chromosome

DNA would be replicated too fast

The DNA strands would not separate

The sugar-phosphate backbone would break

Nucleotides would be added incorrectly

A sugar and a base only

A sugar, a base, and three phosphate groups

A phosphate and a base only

A sugar and a phosphate only

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break, separating the DNA strands.

Taq polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the $3'$ end of the primers.

Primers form hydrogen bonds with their specific target sequences.

The covalent bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone are hydrolyzed to release nucleotides.

8 total strands; 2 are original

16 total strands; 2 are original

16 total strands; 8 are original

8 total strands; 4 are original

Prophase

Anaphase

S phase

Cytokinesis

The presence of a heavy band and a light band.

The presence of only a single band of intermediate density.

The presence of only a light band.

The total disappearance of all heavy $^{15}N$ atoms.

Replication uses heat while PCR uses enzymes.

Replication uses enzymes (helicase) while PCR uses heat.

Replication does not separate the strands, but PCR does.

PCR separates the strands permanently, while replication re-joins them immediately.

The newly synthesized strand of DNA.

The enzyme that facilitates the base pairing.

One of the original strands of the DNA molecule that provides the sequence for the new strand.

The pool of free nucleotides available in the cytoplasm.

$3'$ to $5'$ direction

$5'$ to $3'$ direction

From the middle outward

In both directions simultaneously

They link the sugar-phosphate backbone of the mRNA

They provide the energy for the RNA polymerase

They allow temporary pairing between DNA bases and RNA bases

They connect the amino acids in the polypeptide

Glycine

Methionine

Valine

Lysine

50

100

150

153

Ribosome X has been attached to the mRNA for a longer duration than Ribosome Y.

Ribosome Y will have a longer polypeptide chain than Ribosome X because it is closer to the $3'$ end.

Ribosome X and Ribosome Y are translating different genes to increase protein variety.

Both ribosomes move along the mRNA template in a $3'$ to $5'$ direction.

It is overlapping

It is read in groups of two bases

It is non-overlapping

Each amino acid is coded by only one codon

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Silent mutation

Frameshift mutation

It has the same sequence as the mRNA produced.

It provides the sequence that is complementary to the mRNA being synthesized.

It is the strand that is not involved in transcription.

It is used by DNA polymerase during replication.

Ribose

Phosphate group

Thymine

Adenine

It catalyzes the peptide bond formation.

It binds to the mRNA and scans for the start codon.

It carries the initiator tRNA to the P site.

It provides the E, P, and A binding sites for tRNA.

Editing done in a test tube

Editing done inside a living organism

Editing done using computer simulations

Editing done on dead tissue

Increasing genetic diversity too quickly

Unintended 'off-target' mutations

Making the DNA too strong

Creating too many stop codons

Mitosis

Evolution

Osmosis

Digestion

Spherical

Biconcave disc

Crescent or sickle-shaped

Star-shaped

The Cas9 enzyme will fail to bind and cleave the DNA at that target site.

The guide RNA (gRNA) will bind to the sense strand instead of the antisense strand.

The mutation will be ignored because the gRNA only matches the protospacer sequence.

The Cas9 enzyme will cut the DNA at a random location elsewhere in the genome.

The mutation results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA.

The ribosome is unable to recognize the start codon during translation.

RNA polymerase cannot bind effectively to the DNA to initiate transcription.

The protein is degraded by lysosomes immediately after synthesis.

It is much more expensive and exclusive

It is much faster, cheaper, and more precise

It is the only method that can change DNA

It does not require any enzymes

A mistake made by RNA polymerase during transcription that results in one 'wrong' mRNA molecule.

A base substitution caused by exposure to X-rays in a lung cell.

A deletion of two base pairs during DNA replication in a skin cell.

An insertion of a transposon (jumping gene) into a new location in the genome.

Precisely removing a gene that makes a crop susceptible to a specific fungal disease.

Increasing the rate of random mutations to create more variety in crop color.

Ensuring that all crops are genetically identical to prevent competition.

Eliminating the need for ribosomes in the synthesis of plant proteins.

Taq polymerase; DNA replication

RNA polymerase; Transcription

DNA Ligase; Translation

Restriction endonucleases; Splicing

23

22

46

1

G1

G2

M

Cytokinesis

The way chromosomes are replicated in S phase

The random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase I

The movement of sister chromatids to the same pole

The fusion of sperm and egg

To replicate the chromosomes

To divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

To pair homologous chromosomes

To form the spindle apparatus

6

9

8

64

A cell plate grows from the center to the periphery

The plasma membrane is pulled inwards by a ring of contractile proteins

New cell walls are synthesized by vesicles from the Golgi apparatus

Chromosomes decondense into chromatin

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

Metaphase checkpoint

S phase

Down Syndrome

Patau Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

X-rays

Tobacco smoke

Viral DNA

Nitrosamines

2 cells, each with 5 chromosomes.

4 cells, each with 5 chromosomes.

2 cells, each with 10 chromosomes.

4 cells, each with 10 chromosomes.

$-2000$ kPa

$0$ kPa

$2000$ kPa

$1000$ kPa

Adding salt

Adding sugar

Adding more water

Increasing the solute concentration

The pressure potential ($\Psi_p$) is zero

The cell is about to burst

The cell is fully turgid

The water potential is zero

Only large molecules can pass

Nothing can pass

Certain substances like water can pass, but others like large solutes cannot

Everything can pass freely

The total amount of water in a cell.

The potential energy of water per unit volume.

The speed at which water moves through a membrane.

The number of solute particles in a solution.

A cell in a high salt concentration.

A beaker of pure water at standard pressure.

A root hair cell in dry soil.

A plasmolyzed cell.

The cell is in a hypotonic solution.

The cell is in a hypertonic solution.

The cell is in an isotonic solution.

The cell will burst.

Equal to the solute potential

Zero

$-1.0$ MPa

Always positive

Plasmolyzed

Flaccid

Turgid

Incipiently plasmolyzed

The internal solute potential will become more negative.

The turgor pressure will increase.

The cell will lose mass.

The cell's water potential will decrease.

Gametes fuse inside the female body

Gametes fuse outside the body, usually in water

An embryo develops in a laboratory

A plant is pollinated by an insect

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

One

Two

Three

Four

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Gamete 1: $n$; Gamete 3: $n$

Gamete 1: $n+1$; Gamete 3: $n-1$

Gamete 1: $2n$; Gamete 3: $n$

Gamete 1: $n+1$; Gamete 3: $n+1$

X: Carbon dioxide; Y: Glucose

X: Amino acids; Y: Oxygen

X: Antibodies; Y: Urea

X: Urea; Y: Vitamins

To measure the number of chromosomes in a cell

To calculate the ratio of cells undergoing mitosis to the total number of cells

To determine the speed of DNA replication

To find the age of a specific tissue sample

It ensures that each daughter cell receives exactly 46 chromosomes

It allows for the formation of chiasmata

It increases the variety of possible genetic combinations in gametes

It prevents the occurrence of nondisjunction

A single strand of RNA

DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins

The site where transcription begins

A protein that links Okazaki fragments

Because it reduces the size of the cell

Because it reduces the number of chromosomes from $2n$ to $n$

Because it reduces the amount of cytoplasm in the daughter cells

Because it reduces the metabolic rate of the gametes

The organ that carries out a response

A change in the internal or external environment

The chemical signal sent between cells

The result of a feedback loop

High sugar diet

Regular insulin injections

Antibiotics

Reduction in water intake

It is the maximum value a variable can reach

It is the target value the body aims to maintain

It is the point where the system fails

It is the time of day when homeostasis starts

Blood vessels near the skin surface narrow to reduce heat loss

Blood vessels near the skin surface widen to increase heat loss

The heart stops pumping blood to the skin

The muscles in the limbs stop moving

The mouse would become extremely thin because it cannot store fat.

The mouse would eat excessively and become obese.

The mouse would have extremely low blood sugar levels.

The mouse would be unable to sleep during the day.

It is secreted when blood glucose levels are high.

It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas.

It acts primarily on the liver to increase blood glucose levels.

It causes cells to take up more glucose from the blood.

Only through hormones traveling in the blood.

Only through nerve impulses sent via the spinal cord.

Through both nerve impulses and the control of hormone secretion.

By physically expanding or contracting its own volume.

The liver is a major site of metabolic heat production and the primary organ for glycogen storage.

The liver senses temperature changes in the blood and releases insulin to cool the body down.

The liver produces sweat to cool the body and glucagon to warm the body.

The liver has no role in temperature regulation; it only regulates blood glucose.

The response of the system is in the same direction as the initial stimulus.

The system aims to restore the variable to a predetermined set point.

There is a sensor that monitors the internal environment.

There is an effector that carries out a physiological change.

It increases to raise the basal metabolic rate and generate more internal heat.

It decreases to prevent the loss of energy through excessive sweating.

It remains the same, but the rate of iodine uptake by the thyroid increases.

It fluctuates wildly to keep the body's internal temperature unpredictable.

Hardwood trees

Shrubs

Lichens and mosses

Large mammals

Changes in the Earth's orbit

Increased solar flare activity

Human activities increasing greenhouse gas concentrations

Natural volcanic eruptions

Using nets with very small mesh sizes

Fishing during the breeding season

Setting catch limits (quotas)

Removing all seaweeds from the area

Short-wave ultraviolet radiation

Long-wave infrared radiation

Visible light radiation

X-ray radiation

Conversion of $N_{2}$ gas into $NH_{3}$ by lightning

The breakdown of organic nitrogen from dead matter into ammonium by decomposers

The uptake of nitrates by plant roots to build proteins

The conversion of $NH_{4}^{+}$ into $NO_{3}^{-}$ by soil bacteria

A uniform increase in temperature across every country on Earth

Significant shifts in regional climates and weather patterns

The total cessation of all evaporation from the ocean surface

A decrease in the amount of salt present in the ocean

It allows species to continue evolving in their natural environment

It is always cheaper and easier to implement

It guarantees that no individuals will ever be lost to predators

It does not require any laws or government protection

$160\text{ units}$

$40\text{ units}$

$1.6\text{ units}$

$6000\text{ units}$

It is the most abundant greenhouse gas and provides a strong positive feedback to warming.

It is not a greenhouse gas because it condenses into clouds.

It reflects all incoming solar radiation, leading to a net cooling of the planet.

It only absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.

Designating a national park to protect a specific habitat.

Restoring a degraded wetland to its original state.

Breeding endangered species in a zoo or botanical garden.

Removing invasive species from a protected island.